Head and neck cancers are a group of cancers that develop in the tissues of the upper aerodigestive tract, including the lips, tongue, mouth, throat, and larynx (voice box), as well as the sinuses and nasal cavity. Most head and neck malignancies are squamous cell carcinomas.

Head and neck cancers are an important health concern in developing countries and are more commonly diagnosed in men than in women.

Main Risk Factors for Head and Neck Cancer

Several factors can increase the risk of developing head and neck cancer. The main risk factors include:

• Tobacco: Both smoking and chewing tobacco can increase the risk.
• Betel nut: Chewing betel nut, particularly when combined with tobacco, is associated with an increased risk.
• Sharp or damaged teeth: Chronic irritation or injury in the mouth may contribute to the development of oral lesions and requires appropriate dental evaluation.
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: Infection with certain types of HPV is a risk factor for some head and neck cancers, particularly certain cancers of the oropharynx.

Symptoms and Signs of Head and Neck Cancer

People with head and neck cancer may experience a range of symptoms and signs. These can vary depending on the location and extent of the cancer.

• A sore in the mouth or on the tongue that does not heal.
• A red or white patch on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth.
• Persistent hoarseness or changes in the voice.
• A persistent sore throat.
• Swelling or a lump in the neck, jaw, or side of the face.
• Frequent headaches or persistent sinus problems.
• Pain in the upper teeth.
• Difficulty swallowing, breathing, or speaking.
• Persistent earaches.
• Blood in the saliva or unexplained bleeding from the nose or mouth.

When to Seek Medical Attention

Persistent symptoms involving the mouth, throat, nose, ears, or neck should not be ignored. A sore that does not heal, an unexplained lump, persistent hoarseness, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained bleeding should be evaluated by an appropriate healthcare professional.

Early evaluation can help identify the cause of these symptoms and, when necessary, allow further investigations for early detection of cancer.